Glossary
EV Charging
EV Charging Modes
The term “Mode” in electric vehicle (EV) charging pertains to various configurations and communication methods employed to link charging apparatus with an EV. Grasping these modes is fundamental for both EV users and charging equipment providers.
Mode 1: Charging utilizes a standard household plug and a specific charging cable. This mode offers slow charging speeds and is primarily employed for emergency or temporary charging needs.
Mode 2: Charging occurs through a specialized charging cable with integrated protection, compatible with regular household or office outlets. Mode 2 ensures heightened safety compared to Mode 1.
Mode 3: Charging takes place via dedicated charging stations, where communication between the station and the electric vehicle orchestrates the charging process. Mode 3 delivers faster charging speeds and is prevalent in public charging locations.
Mode 4: Involves specialized Direct Current (DC) fast-charging stations capable of replenishing most of the battery’s capacity swiftly. This mode necessitates specialized charging stations and connectors and is frequently utilized in commercial and public charging networks.
These modes delineate not only diverse physical connections but also encompass communication and control protocols with the vehicle. Proficiency in these modes aids consumers in selecting the appropriate charging solution and is imperative for charging equipment suppliers and operators.
EV Charging Levels
The term “Level” in EV charging delineates the various tiers of charging power or speed. These levels establish the pace at which an EV can be charged, underscoring the importance for users to grasp their charging requirements.
Level 1: This stands as the slowest tier of charging, typically utilizing a standard household outlet (120 volts in the U.S.). It suits overnight charging or scenarios where swiftness isn’t paramount.
Level 2: Offering a more robust charging option, Level 2 employs a 240-volt source (in the U.S.) and specialized equipment. It can fully charge an EV within a few hours, making it suitable for both home and public charging applications.
Level 3: Commonly known as “fast charging,” Level 3 harnesses DC charging and can charge an EV to 80% in as little as 30 minutes. It’s frequently available at public charging stations along highways.
Level 4: This denotes the latest generation of ultra-fast charging, capable of delivering even speedier charging rates than Level 3. It mandates specialized charging stations and primarily serves commercial settings.
Comprehending these charging levels empowers EV owners to select the fitting charging solutions for their daily requirements. Additionally, it aids charging station operators and equipment manufacturers in customizing their offerings to meet user demands.
Type 1 (SAE J1772)
Type 1 is a single-phase plug standard designed for EVs, primarily utilized in America and Asia. This connector facilitates charging at speeds of up to 7.4 kW, depending on the charging capability of the car and the grid infrastructure. It serves as a prevalent solution for both home and public charging within designated regions.
Type 2 (IEC 62196)
AC EV Charging
In the realm of electric vehicles (EVs), AC charging emerges as the prevailing method for replenishing battery power. At the heart of this process lies a crucial component known as the “onboard charger,” essentially functioning as a converter. Here’s a breakdown of how AC charging operates within the context of EVs:
Onboard Charger: Nestled within the vehicle, the onboard charger serves as a converter, adept at transforming Alternating Current (AC) sourced from the charging station into Direct Current (DC). This DC power is then seamlessly directed into the car’s battery, where it stands ready for utilization during driving.
Charging Speed: AC chargers typically offer a spectrum of power levels ranging from 7.2 kW to 22 kW, catering to diverse settings such as homes, workplaces, or public locations where swift charging isn’t a priority.
Ubiquitous Adoption: This mode of charging has become the norm for countless EV drivers today, with AC power predominating across the majority of chargers, even in public areas.
Eco-friendly Options: AC power can readily stem from renewable energy sources, in alignment with the sustainability objectives of electric mobility.
The integration of the onboard charger renders AC charging a versatile and convenient method for EV owners. This facilitates compatibility with a myriad of charging points, simplifying daily charging requirements and bolstering accessibility. Such technology underscores the efficiency and practicality of EVs, steadfastly remaining an indispensable component of contemporary electric mobility.
DC EV Charging
In the realm of electric vehicles, the distinction between AC and DC charging lies in where the conversion from Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) occurs:
Conversion Location: AC charging relies on the vehicle’s onboard charger for conversion, while DC charging integrates the converter within the charger itself. This allows DC chargers to directly deliver power to the vehicle’s battery without the need for onboard conversion.
Charging Speed: With direct power delivery, DC systems offer significantly faster charging speeds, ranging from 50 kW to 350 kW or higher, ideal for rapid recharging during long journeys.
Size and Capability: DC chargers are typically larger and more robust than AC counterparts, reflecting their higher speed and direct conversion capability.
Public Availability: Due to their rapid charging capability, DC chargers are commonly found in public areas like highway rest stops or shopping centers, catering to the need for fast charging.
Compatibility: While onboard chargers handle conversion in AC systems, DC chargers come with built-in converters tailored to specific vehicle types and charging standards like CHAdeMO or CCS.
DC charging stands as a swift and efficient solution for electric vehicles, bypassing the vehicle’s onboard charger for rapid and direct battery replenishment. Its inherent advantages in speed, flexibility, and compatibility with diverse EV models underscore its pivotal role in modern electric mobility infrastructure.
Charge Speed & Charging Rate
Charge speed, whether referred to as charging rate, pertains to how swiftly a battery, particularly in an electric vehicle (EV), can be recharged. This rate, often measured in kilowatts (kW) or other power units, signifies the amount of energy delivered to the battery per unit of time.
AC Charging: Typically slower, ranging from 7.2 kW to 22 kW, suitable for overnight charging or prolonged parking periods.
DC Charging: Offers significantly faster rates, ranging from 50 kW to 350 kW or higher, ideal for quick top-ups during travel.
Factors Affecting Speed: Actual charging speed may vary based on factors such as charger capability, the vehicle’s onboard charging system, battery condition, and environmental conditions.
Impact on EV Users: Understanding charging speed is crucial for travel planning, selecting appropriate chargers, and efficiently managing time.
CHAdeMO (Charge de Move)
CHAdeMO, an electric vehicle (EV) charging connector and protocol originating from Japan, stands out for its rapid charging capabilities. Named after “Charge de Move,” it has gained popularity worldwide, particularly at public charging stations. Here’s an overview:
Quick Charge: Unlike typical home units (~7kW), CHAdeMO can deliver power up to 400kW, facilitating remarkably fast charging, ideal for long-distance travelers.
Compatibility: Designed for various EV models, though compatibility may vary. Adapters may allow CHAdeMO chargers to be used with other connectors.
Public Stations: Often found at public rapid charging stations along highways and in city centers, CHAdeMO enables quick battery top-ups for EV drivers.
Safety Features: Equipped with safety measures like overcharge protection and temperature monitoring, ensuring secure communication between charger and vehicle.
Global Presence: Originally from Japan, CHAdeMO has expanded globally, contributing to EV charging standardization.
Comparison: Coexisting with other fast-charging standards like Combined Charging System (CCS), providing EV drivers with diverse options based on their needs and vehicle specifications.
CCS (Combined Charging System)
CCS, or Combined Charging System, is a widely used rapid charging connector for electric vehicles (EVs), known for its versatility and quick charging capabilities across Europe and North America. It boasts a higher power rating and supports larger, ultra-rapid chargers compared to other rapid connectors.
Versatility: Essentially an upgraded Type 2 plug, CCS integrates two extra DC power lines to achieve higher voltage capabilities, making it universal for EV charging.
Appearance: Resembling a Type 2 setup, CCS features two additional connector holes for DC charging, while remaining compatible with standard Type 2 chargers.
Differences from CHAdeMO:
Universality: CCS can charge both AC and DC from the same port, making it more universal, unlike CHAdeMO, which requires an extra connector for AC charging and lacks compatibility with Type 1 and Type 2 without adapters.
Functionality: Both CCS and CHAdeMO utilize DC charging, but CCS offers integrated AC/DC functionality, unlike CHAdeMO.
Usage: CCS’s adaptability and higher power rating have made it popular in Europe and North America, while CHAdeMO remains significant in various regions.
DLC (Data Link Connector)
OBC (On-board Charger)
An onboard charger (OBC) is a vital power electronics device within electric vehicles (EVs). It converts AC power from sources like residential outlets into DC power to charge the vehicle’s battery pack. The OBC plays a critical role in facilitating compatibility with standard electrical outlets and various charging infrastructures.
Functionality: The OBC ensures that EV batteries can be charged from common electrical sources by managing the charging process. It adjusts voltage and current to safe levels specific to the battery type, ensuring both efficiency and battery longevity.
Significance: By bridging the gap between the vehicle’s battery needs and external AC power sources, the OBC makes electric driving accessible and convenient for all users.
SOC (State of Charge)
The state of charge (SOC) in an electric vehicle (EV) battery indicates its current level of charge as a percentage, from 0% to 100%. SOC monitoring is vital for drivers to gauge remaining driving range, reducing “range anxiety,” and for the vehicle’s management system to optimize battery performance. Maintaining an accurate SOC understanding allows informed decisions about charging and driving habits, preventing overcharging or excessive discharging to extend battery lifespan and enhance overall EV sustainability and efficiency.
Plug & play
Plug-and-play refers to devices or systems that operate immediately upon connection, without requiring additional setup.
In EV Charging: Describes chargers ready for immediate use upon connection to the vehicle and power source.
User Convenience: Minimizes the need for technical knowledge or complex procedures, enhancing accessibility.
System Integration: Often involves standardized connectors and communication protocols, facilitating interoperability.
These terms are vital in the EV charging domain, aiding both experienced drivers and newcomers in navigating electric mobility efficiently and confidently.
Protocols & Standards
OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol )
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a vital technology utilized in Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) to convey the maximum charging current to the Electric Vehicle (EV).
How It Works: PWM adjusts the width of ‘on’ and ‘off’ pulses in a periodic signal to regulate power sent to the load, applied to the control pilot circuit in EV charging.
Duty Cycle: The ‘duty cycle’ denotes the percentage of time the signal is ‘on’ in one complete cycle, determining the specified charging current for the EV. Standard IEC 61851-1 defines duty cycle values.
Charging Rules: Different duty cycle values correspond to varied charging conditions, ensuring safety and efficiency in the charging process and accommodating various charging needs.
Importance: PWM’s precise control facilitates effective communication between charger and vehicle, optimizing the charging process and ensuring safety and efficiency. It defines charging rules, adapting to specific EV requirements for a smooth charging experience.
BMS (Battery Management System)
A Battery Management System (BMS) is an intricate electronic setup responsible for overseeing a rechargeable battery, be it a single cell or an entire battery pack.
Functions include:
Monitoring: Tracking voltage, current, temperature, and state of charge (SOC).
Control: Regulating charging and discharging processes to maintain safe operation.
Balancing: Ensuring even charge and discharge among cells to enhance efficiency and longevity.
Protection: Enforcing safety protocols to prevent overcharging, overheating, short circuits, and other risks.
Communication: Interfacing with vehicle systems to provide data and diagnostics for driver awareness and electronic control.
Electric Vehicles
BEV
A Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) solely relies on a battery-powered electric motor for propulsion, eliminating the need for fossil fuels. This ensures 100% emission-free operation locally.
Representative Models: Examples include the Tesla Model S, Nissan Leaf, Chevrolet Bolt, Jaguar I-PACE, BMW i3, Audi e-tron, Volkswagen ID.4, and Lucid Air.
Applications: Ideal for local commuting, city driving, and any situation where zero tailpipe emissions are sought. BEVs benefit from a expanding network of public charging stations.
HEV
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) combines a conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system (hybrid drivetrain) to enhance either fuel economy or performance.
Representative Models: Examples include the Toyota Prius, Lexus RX 450h, Ford Fusion Hybrid, Hyundai Ioniq Hybrid, and Honda Insight.
Applications: Ideal for those seeking improved fuel efficiency without sacrificing traditional gasoline refueling. HEVs offer an introduction to electric driving without requiring plug-in charging.
HEVs play a pivotal role in transitioning towards more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly transportation. Serving as a bridge between conventional gasoline vehicles and fully electric options, they utilize both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to enhance fuel consumption and reduce emissions.
FCEV
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) utilize hydrogen fuel cells, which combine hydrogen with oxygen to generate electricity, powering the vehicle’s electric motor. FCEVs boast higher efficiency than traditional internal combustion engines and emit no harmful tailpipe emissions, producing only water vapor and warm air.
Representative Models: Examples include the Toyota Mirai, Honda Clarity, Hyundai Nexo, Mercedes-Benz GLC F-CELL, BMW i Hydrogen NEXT, Kia Borrego FCEV, Chevrolet Equinox FCEV, and Audi h-tron quattro concept.
Applications: Ideal for long-distance travel and rapid refueling, FCEVs are a significant step towards sustainable transportation, thanks to their clean energy conversion process.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles represent an innovative segment in electric mobility, offering promise in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing reliance on fossil fuels.
REEV
REEVs primarily operate on electric energy and feature both an electric motor and a generator called a range extender. The role of the range extender is to convert gasoline into electric energy to power the motor when the battery is low or the vehicle is at high speed. Unlike traditional hybrids, the range extender does not directly drive the vehicle or charge the battery with gasoline. This design enhances the electric range of the vehicle, offering increased flexibility.
Representative Models: Examples include the BMW i3 Range Extender, Chevrolet Volt (in range-extending mode), and Guangqi Chuanqi GA5 Range Extender.
Applications: Ideal for users seeking the benefits of an electric vehicle but requiring longer travel distances than the pure electric range allows. REEVs offer a solution for bridging the gap between short-range electric driving and the need for longer-range capabilities without relying solely on gasoline.
PHEV
VCU
The Vehicle Control Unit (VCU) serves as a central module in electric vehicles, overseeing powertrain and vehicle functions. It manages interactions with pedals, lighting systems, motor control, battery and thermal management, and more. By interpreting sensor inputs and user commands, it provides precise control signals to subsystems, optimizing performance, efficiency, safety, and overall integration.
Applications: Crucial in modern electric and hybrid vehicles, the VCU acts as the vehicle’s “brain,” harmonizing systems for an optimal driving experience. Its coordination of powertrain and vehicle functions is pivotal for functionality and user satisfaction.
The VCU’s role in integrating various vehicle systems underscores its importance, distinguishing it as a complex and indispensable component of contemporary electric vehicle design.
MCU
The Motor Control Unit (MCU) is an essential electronic module in electric vehicles, serving as a bridge between the battery’s DC power and the motor’s AC or BLDC power. By converting DC power to AC for the motor, the MCU regulates the vehicle’s speed and acceleration according to the driver’s throttle input. It ensures the motor operates efficiently, delivering the desired torque and speed.
Applications: Vital in electric and hybrid vehicles, the MCU effectively manages power delivery to the wheels, enhancing driving experience with smooth acceleration, efficiency, and responsiveness to driver commands. It also contributes to regenerative braking, converting kinetic energy back into stored energy in the battery.
The MCU’s role in efficiently managing energy transfer from the battery to the motor is pivotal for the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles.
Certificates
TUV
A well-known German certification authority.
Applications: Conducts testing and certification for EV charging stations, ensuring compliance with safety, performance, and interoperability standards.
Standards: Adherence to specific German and European regulations concerning EV charging.
Applications: Ideal for local commuting, city driving, and any situation where zero tailpipe emissions are sought. BEVs benefit from a expanding network of public charging stations.
CE
The CE mark signifies conformity with EU safety, health, and environmental regulations.
Application: Relevant for EV chargers and connectors operating within the European Economic Area (EEA).
Standards: Encompasses European standards like EN 61851 for conductive charging systems.
Applications: Ideal for those seeking improved fuel efficiency without sacrificing traditional gasoline refueling. HEVs offer an introduction to electric driving without requiring plug-in charging.
HEVs play a pivotal role in transitioning towards more fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly transportation. Serving as a bridge between conventional gasoline vehicles and fully electric options, they utilize both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor to enhance fuel consumption and reduce emissions.
UL
Underwriters Laboratories (UL) certifies products based on U.S. standards.
Application: Pertains to EV charging equipment, encompassing charging stations, connectors, and cables.
Standards: Covers UL 2202 for EV charging system equipment.
cUL
The cUL mark denotes adherence to Canadian safety requirements, often found on products meeting Canadian standards, as assessed by Underwriters Laboratories (UL). UL operates based on CSA (Canadian Standards Association) standards. A cUL certified product indicates thorough testing and compliance with Canadian safety criteria. In the context of EV charging, cUL certification ensures adherence to specific safety standards for use in Canada. This might involve various media formats, including general labels or variable-information printing, with diverse ink ribbons, ensuring safe and efficient operation of the equipment.
The cUL mark provides consumers and businesses assurance that their products meet stringent Canadian safety standards, fostering a safer environment for using electric vehicle charging equipment and related products.
Representative Models: Examples include the BMW i3 Range Extender, Chevrolet Volt (in range-extending mode), and Guangqi Chuanqi GA5 Range Extender.
Applications: Ideal for users seeking the benefits of an electric vehicle but requiring longer travel distances than the pure electric range allows. REEVs offer a solution for bridging the gap between short-range electric driving and the need for longer-range capabilities without relying solely on gasoline.
cCSAus
The cCSAus mark indicates that a product has undergone testing and meets relevant North American safety and/or performance standards, including those set by the CSA Group (Canadian Standards Association) and Underwriters Laboratories (UL). In the realm of EV charging, cCSAus certification assures that the equipment or components comply with rigorous safety requirements in both Canada and the U.S. Whether concerning the design, construction, or operation of the EV charger, the cCSAus mark guarantees alignment with best practices and extensive testing to mitigate risks.
This certification fosters consistency in safety standards throughout North America, offering a unified approach for manufacturers, retailers, and consumers. By adhering to IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission), CSA, and UL standards, the cCSAus mark serves as a prominent indicator of quality, safety, and compliance within the expanding field of electric vehicle charging technology.
FCC
The FCC certification denotes adherence to regulations concerning electromagnetic interference.
Significance in EV Charging Equipment: Guarantees that the EV charging equipment does not generate harmful interference with other electronic devices.
Energy Star
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